Mechanism, Research Advances and Prospect of Steel for Cryogenic Service
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摘要: 钢材低温脆断是钢结构工程面临的一大挑战,严重威胁低温环境下的结构安全。低温钢因其低温韧性较好,韧-脆转变温度较低,被广泛应用于各种液态气体储罐、管道及低温环境中的设备等。为全面了解低温钢的性能特点、冷脆机理和发展现状,介绍了低温钢的概念和国内外规范中相关规定,总结了低温韧-脆转变的经典理论,包括经典力学理论、晶格位错理论、能量理论和统计理论,并基于晶格位错理论详细阐述了低温下钢材性能变化的微观机理,分析了钢材韧-脆转变的主要影响因素以及低温下钢材的韧化机理及措施,明晰了当前低温钢研发的主要思路;此外,还介绍了当前低温钢的总体分类和产品系列。目前低温钢研发工作主要针对Ni系低温钢和高锰奥氏体低温钢,通过对比国内外标准中关于各类Ni系低温钢的化学成分含量及性能要求,介绍了我国低温钢的发展现状,并结合南极工程,对我国当前主要低温钢材用于建筑结构提出了设想,以进一步促进低温钢材料和结构应用的发展。Abstract: The low-temperature brittle fracture of steel is a major challenge in steel structure engineering, which threatens the safety of structures in low-temperature environments. Cryogenic steel is widely used in various liquid gas storage tanks, pipelines and equipment serving in low-temperature environments because of its good low-temperature toughness and low toughness-brittle transition temperature. For better understanding its performance characteristics, brittleness mechanism and product development of the cryogenic steel, a review of research progress available in the literature is conducted herein. First, the concept and regulations of cryogenic steel were introduced in this paper. Then, four main theories about toughness-brittle transition were summarized, namely classical mechanics theory, lattice dislocation theory, energy theory and statistical theory. Based on the lattice dislocation theory, the micro mechanism of the change in steel properties at low temperatures was explained in detail, the main influencing factors of toughness-brittle transition, and the toughening mechanism and measures of steel at low temperatures were analysed, and the main ideas of research and development of the cryogenic steel were clarified. Finally, the current general classification and product series of cryogenic steel were introduced herein. At present, the research and development of the cryogenic steel are mainly focused on Ni-containing cryogenic steel and high-manganese austenitic cryogenic steel. The chemical composition content and performance requirements of different content Ni-containing cryogenic steel in domestic and foreign standards were compared, and the types of cryogenic steel commonly used in the field of containers in China were summarized. Combined with the Antarctic Projects, an idea was put forward for the use of cryogenic steel in building structures in China to further promote the application of cryogenic steel materials and structures.
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