送丝金属增材制造成形与路径规划研究及工程结构应用进展

孙子杰; 杨子畅; 李国强

doi:10.13206/j.gjgS26071145

送丝金属增材制造成形与路径规划研究及工程结构应用进展

doi: 10.13206/j.gjgS26071145

1. 同济大学土木工程学院, 上海 200092;
2. 同济大学土木工程防灾国家重点实验室, 上海 200092

详细信息

作者简介:
孙子杰，博士研究生，主要从事金属增材制造路径规划和力学性能研究。

通讯作者:
李国强，博士，教授，主要从事钢结构研究，gqli@tongji.edu.cn。

计量
- 文章访问数: 14
- HTML全文浏览量: 3
- PDF下载量: 0
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2026-07-11
- 网络出版日期: 2026-11-06

Advances in Forming and Path Planning for Wire⁃Fed Metal Additive Manufacturing and its Applications in Engineering Structures

1. College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
2. State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

摘要

摘要: 送丝金属增材制造因其成形效率高、材料利用率高和成形尺寸限制小等特点，在土木工程领域的结构构件制造中已有一定的示范性应用，其应用范围涵盖桥梁、支撑、节点、轻型钢结构等多种工程场景。在送丝金属增材制造过程中，路径规划是影响构件表面成形质量、热输入分布及力学性能的重要因素，涉及成形形貌控制、几何建模、切片分层、轨迹生成与工艺参数调控等多个关键环节。为系统梳理送丝金属增材制造的基本原理及其在工程结构中的应用进展，综述了送丝金属增材制造路径规划的相关研究，归纳了其在工程结构领域的最新应用，并为其今后研究与应用提出建议。
- 钢结构 /
- 金属增材制造 /
- 成形 /
- 路径规划 /
- 工程应用 /
- 文献综述
Abstract: Wire-fed metal additive manufacturing has demonstrated considerable potential for the fabrication of structural components in civil engineering because of its high deposition efficiency， high material utilization， and limited constraints on component dimensions. Demonstrative applications have been reported in a variety of engineering scenarios， including bridges， braces， structural joints， and lightweight steel structures. During wire-fed metal additive manufacturing， path planning is a critical factor affecting the surface forming quality， heat-input distribution， and mechanical properties of fabricated components. It involves several key stages， including deposition-geometry control， geometric modelling， slicing， toolpath generation， and process-parameter regulation. To systematically elucidate the fundamental principles of wire-fed metal additive manufacturing and its recent advances in engineering structures， this paper reviews existing research on path-planning methods， summarizes the latest structural engineering applications， and provides recommendations for future research and practical implementation.
- steel structures /
- metal additive manufacturing /
- forming /
- path planning /
- engineering applications /
- literature review

HTML全文

参考文献(118)

[1]	国家标准化管理委员会. 增材制造工艺分类和编码：GB/T 45751—2025［S］. 北京：中国标准出版社，2025.
[2]	宋学平. 镍钛合金双丝电弧增材制造工艺及机理研究［D］. 兰州：兰州理工大学，2024.
[3]	Cao Y，Zhu S，Liang X，et al. Overlapping model of beads and curve fitting of bead section for rapid manufacturing by robotic MAG welding process［J］. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing，2011，27（3）：641-645.
[4]	Suryakumar S，Karunakaran K P，Bernard A，et al. Weld bead modeling and process optimization in hybrid layered manufacturing［J］. Computer-Aided Design，2011，43（4）：331-344.
[5]	Ding D，Pan Z，Cuiuri D，et al. A multi-bead overlapping model for robotic wire and arc additive manufacturing（WAAM）［J］. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing，2015，31：101-110.
[6]	方学伟，白浩，姚云飞，等. 冷金属过渡电弧增材制造多道搭接工艺研究［J］. 机械工程学报，2020，56（1）：141-147.
[7]	刘理想，柏兴旺，周祥曼，等. 电弧增材制造多层单道堆积的焊道轮廓模型函数［J］. 焊接学报，2020，41（6）：24-29.
[8]	Kumar M，Kumar S S，Sharma A. Bi-polynomial fourth-order weld bead model for improved material utilization and accuracy in wire-arc additive manufacturing：a case of transverse twin-wire welding［J］. Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering，2021，3：100049.
[9]	Soh G S，Oh X Y. Wire arc additive manufacturing stepover optimization based on varying-ratio flat-top overlapping model［C］// Proceedings of the 9th International Conference of Asian Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology（ASPEN 2022）. Singapore：Asian Society for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology，2022：138-141.
[10]	Chen C，He H，Zhou S，et al. Prediction of multi-bead profile of robotic wire and arc additive manufactured components recursively using axisymmetric drop shape analysis［J］. Virtual and Physical Prototyping，2023，18（1）：e2254563.
[11]	Aiyiti W，Zhao W，Lu B，et al. Investigation of the overlapping parameters of MPAW-based rapid prototyping［J］. Rapid Prototyping Journal，2006，12（3）：165-172.
[12]	乌日开西·艾依提，赵万华，卢秉恒，等. 基于脉冲微束等离子弧焊的快速成形中的搭接参数［J］. 机械工程学报，2006（5）：192-197.
[13]	Jhavar S，Jain N K，Paul C P. Enhancement of deposition quality in micro-plasma transferred arc deposition process［J］. Materials and Manufacturing Processes，2014，29（8）：1017-1023.
[14]	Zhang W，Ding C，Wang H，et al. The forming profile model for cold metal transfer and plasma wire-arc deposition of nickel-based alloy［J］. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance，2021，30（7）：4872-4881.
[15]	Somlo K，Sziebig G. Aspects of multi-pass GTAW of low alloyed steels［J］. IFAC-PapersOnLine，2019，52（22）：101-107.
[16]	Horváth C M，Botzheim J，Thomessen T，et al. Bead geometry modeling on uneven base metal surface by fuzzy systems for multi-pass welding［J］. Expert Systems with Applications，2021，186：115356.
[17]	聂文忠，韩笑，曾嘉艺. 电弧增材制造设备设计与工艺研究［J］. 特种铸造及有色合金，2022，42（9）：1066-1070.
[18]	Han Q L，Li X L，Dong M S，et al. Enhanced curve--fitting model of the bead section profile and the corresponding overlapping model for twin-electrode gas tungsten arc-based additive manufacturing［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2021，116（3/4）：1151-1167.
[19]	Bimbi A，Kawabata M，Tsunekawa T，et al. Influence of electrode rotation speed on geometry and internal structure of weld beads in rotary TIG wire-arc-directed energy deposition［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2024，135：4401-4420.
[20]	Shi J，Zhu P，Fu G，et al. Geometry characteristics modeling and process optimization in coaxial laser inside wire cladding［J］. Optics& Laser Technology，2018，101：341-348.
[21]	Li J Y，Li H N，Liao Z R，et al. Analytical modelling of full single-track profile in wire-fed laser cladding［J］. Journal of Materials Processing Technology，2021，290：116978.
[22]	Bernauer C，Merk T，Zapata A，et al. Laser metal deposition with coaxial wire feeding for the automated and reliable build-up of solid metal parts［J］. Key Engineering Materials，2022，926：65-79.
[23]	Budde L，Biester K，Huse M，et al. Empirical model for the description of weld seam geometry in coaxial laser hot-wire deposition welding processes with different steel wires［J］. Lasers in Manufacturing and Materials Processing，2022，9（2）：193-213.
[24]	Roch C，Tournier C，Lavernhe S. Process based modelling of power density for wire laser additive manufacturing using a coaxial head［J］. Additive Manufacturing，2023，73：103648.
[25]	柏久阳，王计辉，林三宝，等. 电弧增材制造厚壁结构焊道间距计算策略［J］. 机械工程学报，2016，52（10）：97-102.
[26]	蒋伟伟，傅戈雁，张吉平，等. 三分光束光内同轴送丝熔敷层几何形貌预测［J］. 红外与激光工程，2020，49（3）：300-308.
[27]	Wang Z，Zimmer-Chevret S，Léonard F，et al. Prediction of bead geometry with consideration of interlayer temperature effect for CMT-based wire-arc additive manufacturing［J］. Welding in the World，2021，65（12）：2255-2266.
[28]	Asadi R，Queguineur A，Ylä-Autio A，et al. Using artificial neural networks to model single bead geometries processed by laser-wire direct energy deposition［J］. IOP Conference Series：Materials Science and Engineering，2023，1296：012005.
[29]	Zheng K，Yao C，Mou G，et al. Prediction of weld bead formation of duplex stainless steel fabricated by wire arc additive manufacturing based on the PSO-BP neural network［J］. Journal of Marine Science and Application，2023，22（2）：311-323.
[30]	Shaik A，Kenchugonde K S，Kuruva S，et al. Prediction of weld bead cross-sectional area in wire arc additive manufacturing using vision system integrated with machine learning approach［J］. International Journal on Interactive Design and Manufacturing，2025，19：465-475.
[31]	Shen Q，Xue J，Zheng Z，et al. Machine learning-based prediction of CoCrFeNiMo0.2 high-entropy alloy weld bead dimensions in wire arc additive manufacturing［J］. Materials Today Communications，2024，41：110359.
[32]	Xia C，Zeng K，Ning J，et al. Machine learning-driven multi-objective optimization of bead geometry and energy efficiency in laser-arc hybrid additive manufacturing［J］. Materials，2025，18（24）：5560.
[33]	Šket K，Brezočnik M，Karner T，et al. Predictive modelling of weld bead geometry in wire arc additive manufacturing［J］. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing，2025，9（2）：67.
[34]	Fernández-Zabalza A，Veiga F，Suárez A，et al. Application of symmetric neural networks for bead geometry determination in wire and arc additive manufacturing（WAAM）［J］. Symmetry，2025，17（3）：326.
[35]	张云舒，吴斌涛，赵昀，等. 电弧熔丝增材制造传热传质数值模拟研究现状与展望［J］. 机械工程学报，2024，60（8）：65-80.
[36]	Chen Z，Yuan L，Pan Z，et al. A comprehensive review and future perspectives of simulation approaches in wire arc additive manufacturing（WAAM）［J］. International Journal of Extreme Manufacturing，2025，7（2）：022016.
[37]	Kim Y H，Gunasegaram D R，Cleary P W，et al. Numerical modelling of wire arc additive manufacturing（WAAM）：methods，status，trends，and opportunities［J］. Journal of Physics D：Applied Physics，2025，58（14）：143001.
[38]	Cadiou S，Courtois M，Carin M，et al. 3D heat transfer，fluid flow and electromagnetic model for cold metal transfer wire arc additive manufacturing（CMT-WAAM）［J］. Additive Manufacturing，2020，36：101541.
[39]	Xiong J，Zhang G，Gao H，et al. Modeling of bead section profile and overlapping beads with experimental validation for robotic GMAW-based rapid manufacturing［J］. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing，2013，29（2）：417-423.
[40]	Nguyen L，Buhl J，Bambach M. Multi-bead overlapping models for tool path generation in wire-arc additive manufacturing processes［J］. Procedia Manufacturing，2020，47：1123-1128.
[41]	Li Y Z，Sun Y F，Han Q L，et al. Enhanced beads overlapping model for wire and arc additive manufacturing of multi-layer multi-bead metallic parts［J］. Journal of Materials Processing Technology，2018，252：838-848.
[42]	Hu Z，Qin X，Li Y，et al. Multi-bead overlapping model with varying cross-section profile for robotic GMAW-based additive manufacturing［J］. Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing，2020，31（5）：1133-1147.
[43]	Li Y Z，Han Q，Zhang G，et al. A layers-overlapping strategy for robotic wire and arc additive manufacturing of multi-layer multi-bead components with homogeneous layers［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2018，96（9/10/11/12）：3331-3344.
[44]	徐俊，潘挺，单伟，等. 电弧增材制造轨迹规划及成形性能研究进展［J］. 热加工工艺，2026（7）：16-34.
[45]	Library of Congress. STL（STereoLithography）file format family［EB/OL］.（2025-02-27）［ 2026-07-10］. https：//www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000504.shtml.
[46]	Chakraborty D，Roy Choudhury A. A semi-analytic approach for direct slicing of free form surfaces for layered manufacturing［J］. Rapid Prototyping Journal，2008，13（4）：256-264.
[47]	Qin Y，Qi Q，Scott P J，et al. Status，comparison，and future of the representations of additive manufacturing data［J］. Computer-Aided Design，2019，111：44-64.
[48]	SerdarWiki. Adaptive slicing（1）.png：comparison of uniform and adaptive slicing［EB/OL］. Wikimedia Commons，（2020-01-30）［ 2026-07-06］. https：//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File：Adaptive_slicing_（1）.png.
[49]	Kirschman C F，Jara-Almonte C C. A parallel slicing algorithm for solid freeform fabrication processes［C］// Proceedings of the 1992 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin：University of Texas at Austin，1992：26-33.
[50]	Zhang Z，Joshi S. An improved slicing algorithm with efficient contour construction using STL files［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2015，80（5/6/7/8）：1347-1362.
[51]	Sun S H，Chiang H W，Lee M I. Adaptive direct slicing of a commercial CAD model for use in rapid prototyping［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2007，34（7/8）：689-701.
[52]	林洁琼，王一博，靖贤，等. 增材制造中STL模型的自适应分层算法研究［J］. 机械设计与制造，2018（2）：51-53.
[53]	Zhao Z，Laperriere L. Adaptive direct slicing of the solid model for rapid prototyping［J］. International Journal of Production Research，2000，38（1）：69-83.
[54]	Huang B，Singamneni B S. Curved layer adaptive slicing（CLAS）for fused deposition modelling［J］. Rapid Prototyping Journal，2015，21（4）：354-367.
[55]	He T，Yu S，Shi Y，et al. High-accuracy and high-performance WAAM propeller manufacture by cylindrical surface slicing method［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2019，105：4773-4782.
[56]	Dai F，Zhang H，Wang G，et al. Process planning based on cylindrical or conical surfaces for five-axis wire and arc additive manufacturing［J］. Rapid Prototyping Journal，2020，26（8）：1405-1416.
[57]	Wang R，Zhang H，Wang G L，et al. Cylindrical slicing and path planning of propeller in wire and arc additive manufacturing［J］. Rapid Prototyping Journal，2020，26（1）：49-58.
[58]	Hu Z，Hua L，Qin X，et al. Region-based path planning method with all horizontal welding position for robotic curved layer wire and arc additive manufacturing［J］. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing，2022，74：102286.
[59]	Dunlavey M R. Efficient polygon-filling algorithms for raster displays［J］. ACM Transactions on Graphics，1983，2（4）：264-273.
[60]	Tiller W，Hanson E G. Offsets of two-dimensional profiles［J］. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications，1984，4（9）：36-46.
[61]	Pham B. Offset approximation of uniform B-splines［J］. Computer-Aided Design，1988，20（8）：471-474.
[62]	Farouki R T，Koenig T，Tarabanis K A，et al. Path planning with offset curves for layered fabrication processes［J］. Journal of Manufacturing Systems，1995，14（5）：355-368.
[63]	杨继东，王飞龙，孙兆琦，等. 电弧增材制造中偏置轮廓自交处理算法［J］. 传感器与微系统，2020，39（8）：141-144.
[64]	Xiong Y，Park S I，Padmanathan S，et al. Process planning for adaptive contour parallel toolpath in additive manufacturing with variable bead width［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2019，105：4159-4170.
[65]	Lim W S，Ganesh S，Soh G S. Contour toolpath planning with limits on bead width constraints in WAAM［C］// Proceedings of the 36th Annual International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium：an Additive Manufacturing Conference. Austin：University of Texas at Austin，2025：1528-1542.
[66]	Ding D，Zhao R，Lu Q，et al. A shape control strategy for wire arc additive manufacturing of thin-walled aluminium structures with sharp corners［J］. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2021，64：253-264.
[67]	Liu H H，Zhao T，Li L Y，et al. A path planning and sharp corner correction strategy for wire and arc additive manufacturing of solid components with polygonal cross-sections［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2020，106（1/2/3/4）：4879-4889.
[68]	Ding D，Yuan L，Huang R，et al. Corner path optimization strategy for wire arc additive manufacturing of gap-free shapes［J］. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2023，85：683-694.
[69]	Ding D，Pan Z，Cuiuri D，et al. A practical path planning methodology for wire and arc additive manufacturing of thin-walled structures［J］. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing，2015，34：8-19.
[70]	Ding D，Pan Z，Cuiuri D，et al. Bead modelling and implementation of adaptive MAT path in wire and arc additive manufacturing［J］. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing，2016，39：32-42.
[71]	徐阳阳. 基于中轴提取的选择性激光熔化路径规划研究［D］. 武汉：华中科技大学，2018.
[72]	Zhang L，Ding L，Ullah S，et al. An improved medial axis path generation algorithm for selective laser melting［J］. Rapid Prototyping Journal，2020，26（10）：1751-1759.
[73]	Wang X，Lin Z，Hua Y，et al. Straight skeleton filling methods for thin-walled parts［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2024，130（1/2）：267-282.
[74]	李正宇. 基于应力场约束的FDM连续填充路径优化方法［J］. 工业控制计算机，2026，39（5）：105-107.
[75]	Bertoldi M，Yardimci M A，Pistor C M，et al. Domain decomposition and space filling curves in toolpath planning and generation［C］// Proceedings of the 1998 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin：University of Texas at Austin，1998：267-276.
[76]	Chiniforoush A E，Zargari H H，Jandaghi R M，et al. A sustainable strategy for wire arc additive manufacturing of high-performance duplex stainless steel：microstructural refinement and mechanical anisotropy reduction［J］. Materials Science and Engineering：A，2025，943：148785.
[77]	Elsokaty A，Oraby O，Sadek S，et al. Influence of wire arc additive manufacturing beads’ geometry and building strategy：mechanical and structural behavior of ER70S-6 prismatic blocks［J］. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing，2023，7（1）：3.
[78]	Yan Y，Sideris I，Bambach M，et al. Adaptive path planning for additive manufacturing via convex decomposition and partial-contour-guided hatching［J］. Advances in Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering，2026，12：100185.
[79]	Ding D，Pan Z，Cuiuri D，et al. A tool-path generation strategy for wire and arc additive manufacturing［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2014，73（1/2/3/4）：173-183.
[80]	张李超，胡祺，王森林，等. 金属增材制造数据处理与工艺规划研究综述［J］. 航空制造技术，2021，64（3）：22-31.
[81]	Park S C，Choi B K. Tool-path planning for direction-parallel area milling［J］. Computer-Aided Design，2000，32（1）：17-25.
[82]	Rajan V，Srinivasan V，Tarabanis A K. The optimal zigzag direction for filling a two-dimensional region［J］. Rapid Prototyping Journal，2001，7（5）：231-241.
[83]	Wang X L，Wang A M，Li Y B. A sequential path-planning methodology for wire and arc additive manufacturing based on a water-pouring rule［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2019，103（9/10/11/12）：3813-3830.
[84]	Wasser T，Jayal A D，Pistor C. Implementation and evaluation of novel buildstyles in fused deposition modeling（FDM）［C］// Proceedings of the 1999 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium. Austin：University of Texas at Austin，1999：95-102.
[85]	Kapil S，Joshi P，Yagani H V，et al. Optimal space filling for additive manufacturing［J］. Rapid Prototyping Journal，2016，22（4）：660-675.
[86]	Papacharalampopoulos A，Bikas H，Stavropoulos P. Path planning for the infill of 3D printed parts utilizing Hilbert curves［J］. Procedia Manufacturing，2018，21：757-764.
[87]	Mohan S R，Khaderi S N，Simhambhatla S. 3D printing of components with tailored properties through Hilbert curve filling of a discretized domain［J］. 3D Printing and Additive Manufacturing，2020，7（6）：288-298.
[88]	Zhao H，Gu F，Huang Q，et al. Connected Fermat spirals for layered fabrication［C］// ACM SIGGRAPH 2016 Technical Papers. New York：ACM，2016.
[89]	Ferreira R P，Schubert E，Scotti A. Reducing computational time in pixel-based path planning for GMA-DED by using multi-armed bandit reinforcement learning algorithm［J］. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing，2025，9（4）：107.
[90]	Ferreira R P，Vilarinho L O，Scotti A. Enhanced-pixel strategy for wire arc additive manufacturing trajectory planning：operational efficiency and effectiveness analyses［J］. Rapid Prototyping Journal，2023，30（11）：1-15.
[91]	Ferreira R P，Scotti A. The concept of a novel path planning strategy for wire + arc additive manufacturing of bulky parts：pixel［J］. Metals，2021，11（3）：498.
[92]	肖冰洁. 基于金属增材制造技术的TSP深度搜索路径规划方法研究［D］. 长春：吉林大学，2025.
[93]	Qin M，Ding J，Qu S，et al. Deep reinforcement learning based toolpath generation for thermal uniformity in laser powder bed fusion process［J］. Additive Manufacturing，2024，79：103937.
[94]	Si J，He Y，Dang Q，et al. A hybrid distorted coordinate system and bilayer TSP optimization for toolpath planning in wire-arc additive manufacturing［J/OL］. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics，2026［ 2026-07-07］. https：//ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11478783.
[95]	Twumasi A，Roy P C，Li Z，et al. Laser scan path design for controlled microstructure in additive manufacturing with integrated reduced-order phase-field modeling and deep reinforcement learning［D］. El Paso：University of Texas at El Paso，2025.
[96]	Zhou Z Y，Shen H Y，Lin J H，et al. Continuous tool-path planning for optimizing thermo-mechanical properties in wire-arc additive manufacturing：an evolutional method［J］. Journal of Manufacturing Processes，2022，83：354-373.
[97]	Jin G Q，Li W D，Tsai C F，et al. Adaptive tool-path generation of rapid prototyping for complex product models［J］. Journal of Manufacturing Systems，2011，30（3）：154-164.
[98]	Zhang C，Shen C，Hua X，et al. Influence of wire-arc additive manufacturing path planning strategy on the residual stress status in one single buildup layer［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2020，111（3/4）：797-806.
[99]	Zhang J S，Wang Q Y，Xiao G Q，et al. Filling path planning and polygon operations for wire arc additive manufacturing process［J］. Mathematical Problems in Engineering，2021，2021：6683319.
[100]	Zhao T，Yan Z Y，Wang L W，et al. Hybrid path planning method based on skeleton contour partitioning for robotic additive manufacturing［J］. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing，2024，85：102633.
[101]	王瑞超，许健仪，高祥，等. ER316L不锈钢电弧增材制造扫描路径优化研究［J］. 新技术新工艺，2024（4）：57-63.
[102]	Ma Y X，Yuan Y，Yang J X，et al. Global continuous toolpath planning with controllable local directions［J］. Computer-Aided Design，2023，164：103593.
[103]	Liu B，Lin Z W，Xue Y，et al. Continuous hybrid zigzag and contour toolpath for additive manufacturing with sparse and adhered filling［J］. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology，2023，129（1/2）：321-334.
[104]	刘玄. 6R机械臂熔融沉积增材制造运动分析与路径规划研究［D］. 桂林：桂林电子科技大学，2025.
[105]	Bi M H，Xia L W，Tran P，et al. Continuous contour-zigzag hybrid toolpath for large format additive manufacturing［J］. Additive Manufacturing，2022，55：102822.
[106]	Ferreira R P，Jorge V L，Schubert E，et al. A K-means clustering approach for accelerated path planning in GMA-DED：the fast advanced-pixel strategy［J］. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing，2026，10（2）：55.
[107]	Gardner L，Kyvelou P，Herbert G，et al. Testing and initial verification of the world’s first metal 3D printed bridge［J］. Journal of Constructional Steel Research，2020，172：106233.
[108]	Kyvelou P，Buchanan C，Gardner L. Numerical simulation and evaluation of the world’s first metal additively manufactured bridge［J］. Structures，2022，42：405-416.
[109]	Feucht T，Waldschmitt B，Lange J，et al. Additive manufacturing of a bridge in situ［J］. Steel Construction，2022，15（2）：100-110.
[110]	Weber B，Meng X，Gardner L. Optimised and 3D printed steel garden bridge：From design to experimental verification［J］. Automation in Construction，2026，181：106638.
[111]	叶俊，王跃达，全冠，等. 铝合金人行桥结构优化设计及金属3D打印［J］. 建筑结构学报，2025，46（12 ）：19-30.
[112]	MX 3 D. Connector for Takenaka［EB/OL］.［ 2026-07-10］. https：//mx3d.com/projects/takenaka-connector/.
[113]	叶俊，肖志斌，林晓阳，等. 基于多轴3D打印的三维自支撑桁架结构优化方法［J］. 浙江大学学报（工学版），2025，59（7 ）：1333-1343.
[114]	刘芸怡，叶俊，孙博超，等. 电弧增材制造螺栓连接剪切破坏模式与承载力研究［J］. 建筑结构学报，2024，45（6）：153-163.
[115]	林晓阳，叶俊，王震，等. 考虑悬垂约束的3D打印结构优化方法及实验研究［J］. 工程力学，2025，42（10 ）：136-144.
[116]	MX 3 D. Cucuyo［EB/OL］.［ 2026-07-10］. https：//mx3d.com/case/cucuyo-bar/.
[117]	Veiga F，Villabona E，Suárez A，et al. LFAM with metallic materials：applications［G］// Large Format Additive Manufacturing：Polymers，Metals，and Ceramics. Hoboken：Wiley，2026：393-438.
[118]	Chen L，Liang A R，Chan S L，et al. Second-order direct analysis for the design of Hong Kong’s first large-scale 3D-printed steel pavilion using wire arc additive manufacturing［J］. Engineering Structures，2026，352：122187.