Free body analysis of concrete-encased steel column base was carried out to reveal whether the exterior reinforced concrete wall was the support or a part of the steel-reinforced column(SRC). In case of enough studs, the minimum encasing height was proposed. Equations to determine the stud number were presented.
Xu W, Han L H,Li W. Seismic performance of concrete-encased column base for hexagonal concrete-filled steel tube:experimental study[J].J. of Constructional Steel Research,2016,121:352-369.