Seismic Isolation and Vibration Reduction System of Large-Span Spatial Structures-A Review
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摘要: 近年来,全球地震灾害频发,大跨空间结构受灾严重,造成严重的人员伤亡和极大的经济损失。为此深入揭示大跨空间结构的动力损伤破坏机理,发展韧性提升技术,已成为大跨空间结构领域研究的热点与难点。振动控制技术引起了国内外科研人员的广泛关注,然而目前结构振动控制技术的研究主要集中在框架结构和剪力墙结构中,缺乏针对大跨空间结构特性,如水平变形大、空间性强、动力特性复杂等特点的结合。开展大跨空间结构隔震减振研究,对提升结构韧性水平,最大限度减轻灾害风险具有重要意义。
系统总结了近年来国内外隔震技术和减振技术在大跨空间结构中的发展动态及工程应用情况。对于隔震技术,首先介绍了国内外大跨空间结构中常见的水平隔震支座,如橡胶隔震垫、摩擦滑板等的力学特性以及利用形状记忆合金等对常见水平隔震支座进行的改进。随后介绍了大跨空间结构三维隔震支座研发及力学性能研究现状,如早期的空气弹簧组合支座和液压组合支座,近年来研发的碟形弹簧组合支座和厚橡胶组合支座等,在总结现有研究成果的基础上指出了目前存在的问题以及继续研发具有抗拔功能和转动功能的新型三维隔震装置的必要性。随后分别介绍了大跨空间结构的隔震机理、分析理论和设计方法,考察了隔震前、后大跨空间结构的动力响应特性,分析了不同强度、不同类型的地震动以及行波效应等对隔震结构地震响应的影响等,证明了隔震技术能有效降低大跨空间结构的地震响应。最后介绍了隔震体系在大跨空间结构中的工程应用,展现了隔震技术在实际工程中的振动控制效果。
对于减振技术,首先介绍了国内外学者利用形状记忆合金的超弹性和高阻尼对常见的摩擦阻尼器和黏滞阻尼器等进行的改造和创新,以及智能控制和智能材料在大跨空间结构中的应用。指出现有阻尼器存在构造复杂、后期维护困难等问题,有必要继续提高大跨空间结构减振装置的耗能能力、自复位能力、抗疲劳性能及可更换性。随后以大跨空间结构中广泛应用的TMD装置、黏滞阻尼器和黏弹性阻尼器为例,提出了阻尼器布置方法,研究了杆件替换率、地震动强度以及不同地震作用对减振效果的影响,证明了减振技术能有效降低大跨空间结构在地震、风等动力荷载作用下的响应。最后介绍了减振体系在大跨空间结构中的工程应用,展现了减振技术在实际工程中的减振效果。
此外,探讨了大跨空间结构隔震减振体系面临的主要问题和发展方向。在隔震减振元件研发方面,还需进一步研发可应用的三维隔震支座以及同时具有耗能能力、自复位能力、抗疲劳性能及可更换性的新型减振装置;在理论分析方法方面,还需继续开展试验研究,提出准确、简单、实用的理论分析和设计方法;在智能控制方面,主动控制和半主动控制等在大跨度空间结构中的研究应用相对较少,还需继续开发新型智能材料,优化智能控制算法,改善被动控制控制效果不理想的问题;在抗震韧性评估方面,还需进一步提出大跨空间结构隔震减振体系韧性提升技术,为大跨空间结构的安全运行提供理论支撑和技术保障。可为大跨空间结构隔震减振体系的深入研究和进一步应用提供有益的参考。Abstract: Structural vibration control technology is one of the hotspots in the research field of civil engineering against undesirable earthquake or strong wind. In this paper, the research progress of the seismic isolation and vibration reduction system of large-span spatial structures are systematically summarized in terms of the design concept, mechanical properties, isolation mechanism, and engineering application. These applications have provided meaningful experience for the development of seismic isolation and vibration reduction system for large-span spatial structures. A series of potential future research directions on the vibration control device and vibration control mechanism are suggested for the promotion of the application of seismic isolation and vibration reduction system in large-span spatial structures. -
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