Application of 3D Laser Scanning Technology in Large-Scale Soccer Field Engineering
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摘要: 近年来随着科技的飞速发展,工程测量技术也在不断创新,由原来的经纬仪、全站仪到GPS再到现在的三维激光扫描技术,都为建筑行业的跨越式发展做出了重要贡献。其中三维激光扫描技术在工程中的应用解决了之前因技术或设备落后导致的测量效率低、施工偏差大等问题。昆山足球场项目采用的屋顶钢桁架和索膜结构,造型复杂、跨度大、拼装难度大、加工精度高、施工工艺复杂,面临着一系列施工难题。为了解决项目施工难题,分别对足球场施工过程中的钢结构现场拼装精度控制、吊装精确定位控制、钢桁架变形控制、K型混凝土柱成型质量控制、膜结构形态控制等难点进行了充分的研究,利用三维激光扫描技术的优势解决以下难点:1)在钢结构现场拼装过程中,因构件较大,需采用支撑胎架进行现场拼装。为控制其拼装精度,采用三维激光扫描仪对现场所有拼装构件进行扫描,扫描出来的点云数据,通过软件分析与BIM模型进行重叠并做对比分析,对于产生的拼装偏差及时进行整改,确保结构整体精度满足要求。考虑到屋顶钢桁架受荷载影响,其端部下挠,需对其进行预起拱安装,再进行分级卸载,利用三维激光扫描技术及时对各阶段的屋面钢桁架形态进行监测,通过对比仿真模拟数据,把控过程施工状态,确保结构安全。2)K型柱混凝土结构构件复杂,高度达43.9 m,内有C型钢骨柱,其倾斜角为55.57°。为保证K型柱三维空间定位的精准度,需采用三维激光扫描技术对其进行三维扫描,并与BIM模型数据进行对比分析,对所产生的结构偏差及时整改。3)本项目膜单元跨度大,安装张拉完成后由于膜材自重会产生下挠问题,中间部位会出现相对平缓区域,对膜整体形态造成影响,甚至会出现积水的现象。对于此问题,在三维模型中模拟设定最高点坐标,对膜材张拉应力进行控制,以保证达到张拉应力的设计值。现场实施时通过三维激光扫描技术对每块单元膜进行三维扫描,对所采集出来的点云数据进行模型分析,确保点位控制在允许范围内,保证了安装精度。Abstract: In recent years, with the rapid development of science and technology, engineering survey technology is also constantly innovation, from the original theodolite, total station to GPS and now the 3D laser scanning technology, for the construction industry has made an important contribution to the leap-forward development. The application of 3D laser scanning technology in engineering has solved the problems of low measuring efficiency and large construction deviation caused by backward technology or equipment. The roof steel truss and cable-membrane structure used in the Kunshan Football Stadium project is faced with a series of construction problems, such as complex shape, long span, difficult assembly, high machining precision and complex construction technology. In order to solve the project construction problems, in this paper, the difficulties of field assembling precision control, precise positioning control of hoisting, deformation control of steel truss, forming quality control of K-type concrete column and shape control of membrane structure in the process of construction of football field are fully studied. The advantages of 3D laser scanning technology were made full use to solve the above difficulties: 1) in the field assembly of steel structure, because the components are large, the supporting frame should be used in the field assembly. In order to control the assembly precision, the 3D laser scanner is used to scan all the components in the field, the scanned point cloud data are compared with the BIM model by software analysis, and the assembly deviation is corrected in time to ensure the accuracy of the whole structure. Considering that the roof steel truss is affected by load and its end is deflected, it needs to be pre-arched and installed, and then it needs to be unloaded by stages, and the shape of the roof steel truss at each stage is monitored in time by means of the 3D laser scanning technology, by comparing the simulation data to control the construction process to ensure the safety of the structure. 2) The concrete structure of K-type column is a complex structure with a height of 43.9 m and a C-type steel column with an inclined angle of 55.57°. To ensure the accuracy of the 3D positioning of the K-type column, it is necessary to use 3D laser scanning technology for 3D scanning, and compared with BIM model data, to correct the structural deviation in time. 3) The membrane unit of this project has a large span. After the installation, the self-weight of the membrane will produce the problem of down deflection, and the middle part will appear a relatively smooth area, which will affect the overall shape of the membrane, and even will appear the phenomenon of water accumulation. For this problem, it is necessary to set the highest point coordinates in the 3D model to control the tensile stress of the membrane to ensure the design value of the tensile stress. In the field, each element membrane is scanned by 3D laser scanning technology, and the collected point cloud data is analyzed to ensure that the point position is controlled within the allowable range to ensure the installation accuracy.
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